Civil Service Exam: ഡിഎൻഎ വിരലടയാളം എന്തിനൊക്കയാണ് ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്നത് ?

Answer (c)

Statement 1 is correct. Waves are usually smaller ripples of water most commonly caused by winds. Wind-driven waves, or surface waves, are created by the friction between wind and surface water. On the other hand, the periodical rise and fall of the sea level, once or twice a day, mainly due to the attraction of the sun and the moon, is called a tide. The moon's gravitational pull to a great extent and to a lesser extent the sun’s gravitational pull, are the major causes for the occurrence of tides. 

Statement 2 is not correct. Waves are created by energy passing through water, causing it to move in a circular motion. However, water does not actually travel in waves. Waves transmit energy, not water, across the ocean and if not obstructed by anything, they have the potential to travel across an entire ocean basin. Tides, on the other hand, results in elevation and fall of huge amounts of water. 

Statement 3 is correct. Since tides are caused by the earth-moon-sun positions which are known accurately, the tides can be predicted well in advance.

Answer (d)

Statement 1 is not correct. There are mainly two types of deserts. The hot deserts of the Saharan type and temperate are the mid-latitude deserts like the Gobi. The aridity of the hot deserts is mainly due to the effects of off-shore Trade Winds; hence they are also called Trade Wind Deserts. They include the Thar desert, Sahara Desert, Great Australian Desert, Arabian Desert, Iranian Desert, Kalahari, and Namib Deserts. The Thar desert of India is a Hot desert, present near to the tropic of cancer and spread across the India and Sindh province of Pakistan.

Statement 2 is not correct. Ladakh in India is a temperate desert that is generally rainless because of the continentality or rain-shadow effect. Some other temperate deserts in the world are The Kyzyl Kum, Turkestan, Taklimakan, and Gobi deserts of Central Asia, drier portions of the Great Basin Desert of the western United States and Patagonian Deserts of Argentina, etc.

Statement 3 is not correct. Deserts, whether hot or mid-latitude, have annual precipitation of less than 25 cm. However, Atacama (the driest place on earth) has practically no rain at all. Rain normally occurs as violent thunderstorms of the convectional type. It ‘bursts’ suddenly and pours continuously for a few hours over small areas. The thunderstorm is so violent and comes so suddenly that it has disastrous consequences on desert landforms like flash floods.

Answer (c) 

•    Cold spots are not necessarily “cold.” Although these areas are low in species richness, they can also be important to conserve, as an individual “cold spot” may be the only location where a rare species is found. 
•    Extreme physical environments (low or high temperatures or pressures, or unusual chemical composition) inhabited by just one or two specially adapted species are “cold spots” that warrant conservation because they represent unique environments that are biologically and physically interesting.
•    A biodiversity hotspot is a bio-geographic region with a significant reservoir of biodiversity that is threatened with destruction. 
•    Conservation biologists are also interested in biodiversity cold spots, areas that have relatively low biological diversity but also include threatened or rare species. 

Answer (d)

Seagrasses are marine flowering plants that form extensive underwater meadows, creating complex, highly productive, and biologically rich habitats. 
Benefits of Seagrasses:
o    Seagrass meadows are of fundamental importance to world fisheries production.
o    Seagrasses can improve water quality by filtering, cycling, and storing nutrients and pollutants and can reduce the incidence of pathogenic marine bacteria, which not only directly protects humans, but also reduces coral diseases and contamination in seafood.
o    Despite covering only 0.1 percent of the ocean floor, these meadows are highly efficient carbon sinks, storing up to 18 percent of the world’s oceanic carbon.
o    Seagrasses can also buffer ocean acidification, thus contributing to the resilience of the most vulnerable ecosystems and species, such as coral reefs, and act as the first line of defense along coasts by reducing wave energy, protecting people from the increasing risk of floods and storms.

Answer (d) 

All the given statements are correct.

•    The National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) has said that around 11,077 undertrials have been released from prisons nationwide as part of the mission to decongest jails following the COVID-19 pandemic.
•    NALSA has also been providing assistance to prisoners who were eligible to be released on parole or interim bail under the relaxed norms, through its panel lawyers
 

Answer (c)

•    There are two sets of government created by the Indian Constitution:
o    one for the entire nation called the union government (central government) and one for each unit or state called the state government.
o    Schedule VII clearly defines the respective legislative powers of the Union and the states, along with the Concurrent List.
o    Article 245-255 of the Constitution mentions the distribution of legislative powers between center and states.
•    Article 1 of the Constitution describes India as a Union of States. The phrase Union of States indicate two things:
o    The Indian federation is not the result of an agreement among the states like the American federation.
o    the states have no right to secede from the federation. The federation is a union because it is indestructible.
•    The state governments are not dependent on the Centre for its existence. The State Governments draw authority from the Constitution itself. The Constitution ensures the existence of state government and administration and also provides them with taxation powers.
•    The procedure for the amendment of the Constitution as laid down in Article 368.

Answer (a)

Statement 1 is correct. MFI is an organization that offers financial services to low-income populations. These services include microloans, micro-savings, and microinsurance.MFIs are financial companies that provide small loans to people who do not have any access to banking facilities.

Statement 2 is not correct. Usually, their area of operations of extending small loans are rural areas and among low-income people in urban areas.
 

Answer (d)

•    The Agreement between the Government of the Republic of India and the Government of the Republic of the Marshall Islands for the Exchange of Information with respect to taxes (India – Marshall Islands TIEA) was signed on 18th March 2016 at Majuro, the Republic of the Marshall Islands. The India-Marshall Islands TIEA has been notified in the Gazette of India (Extraordinary) on 21st May 2019.
•    The Agreement enables the exchange of information, including banking and ownership information, between the two countries for tax purposes. It is based on international standards of tax transparency and exchange of information and enables sharing of information on request. The Agreement also provides for representatives of one country to undertake tax examinations in the other country.
•    The Agreement will enhance mutual cooperation between India and the Marshall Islands by providing an effective framework for the exchange of information in tax matters which will help curb tax evasion and tax avoidance.

Answer (d)

•    DNA fingerprinting is a chemical test that shows the genetic makeup of a person or other living things. It’s used as evidence in courts, to identify bodies, track down blood relatives, and to look for cures for disease.
•    DNA fingerprinting most often has been used in court cases and legal matters. It can:
o    Physically connect a piece of evidence to a person or rule out someone as a suspect.
o    Show who your parents, siblings, and other relatives may be.
o    Identify a dead body that’s too old or damaged to be recognizable.
o    DNA fingerprinting is extremely accurate. Most countries now keep DNA records on file in much the same way police keep copies of actual fingerprints.
o    For criminal identification.
o    To resolve disputes of maternity/paternity.
o    To identify mutilated remains.
o    In cases of exchange of babies in a hospital ward.
o    In forensic wildlife.
•    It also has medical uses. It can:
o    Match tissues of organ donors with those of people who need transplants.
o    Identify diseases that are passed down through your family.
o    Help find cures for those diseases, called hereditary conditions.

Answer (a)

Statement 1 is correct. The wrongs have been committed by plague commissioner Walter Charles Rand, which includes forced entry into private houses, forced stripping and examination of occupants including women in the public, taking them to segregation camps and preventing people affected with plague from leaving or entering Pune, etc. These measures were considered oppressive by the people of Pune and complaints were ignored by Rand. This ultimately culminated in the assassination of him by the Chapekar brothers, Balakrishna, Damodar, and Vasudev. All of the perpetrators were captured and hung.

Statement 2 is not correct. Delhi conspiracy case is related to the assassination attempt towards the then viceroy of India Lord Hardinge. This happened on the occasion of transferring the capital of British India from Calcutta to New Delhi. The members of the Yugantar party were involved in this conspiracy, especially Rash Behari Bose, Sachin Sanyal, etc.